Prevalence of hypertension in a sample of community members in a low-income peri-urban setting in Gaborone, Botswana

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2023.2068

Keywords:

Hypertension, Screening, Peri-urban, Botswana

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and affects more than a quarter of the global adult population. Africa is a continent where the prevalence of non-communicable diseases including cardiovas- cular disease and hypertension, is increasing rapidly. Botswana is a developing country in Sub-Saharan Africa. In such contexts the early identification of hypertension, through community screening initiatives, is an important tool for the management of cardiovas- cular disease in the population.

Objective: To investigate and describe the prevalence of hypertension in a sample of community members residing in a low-income peri-urban setting in Gaborone, Botswana.

Method: 364 adult participants had their blood pressures mea- sured during a community health screening exercise. The values were analysed and categorised using the American Heart Association classification scale as either being normal, elevated, hypertensive stage 1 or hypertensive stage 2.

Results: 234/364 (64%) of participants were found to have blood pressures within normal limits. 53/364 (15%) had elevated blood pressures, 57/364 (16%) were in hypertensive stage 1 and 20/364 (5%) were in hypertensive stage 2.

Conclusions: Hypertension in Africa is a growing concern. Botswana appears to be no exception with a 36% prevalence of abnormal blood pressures being recorded. However, the majority of these were classified as elevated or stage 1. Early identification and treatment of hypertension in these early stages can significant- ly decrease the risk of developing stage 2 hypertension and the related systemic complications.

Download data is not yet available.

References

World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on non-communicable diseases; 2014. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564854. Accessed on: 6 July 2021.

Tapela NM, Clifton L, Tshisimogo G, et al. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in Botswana: a nationally representative population-based survey. Int J Hypertens 2020;2020:8082341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8082341

Sackou JK, Tiade ML, Hounsa AA, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension in Anonkoi 3, a peri-urban area in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). J Public Health Afr 2020;10:1106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2019.1106

Keetile M, Navaneetham K, Letamo G. Patterns and determinants of hypertension in Botswana. Z Gesundh Wiss 2015;23:311-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-015-0682-7

Schmidt B, Durão D, Toews I, et al. Screening strategies for hypertension: a

systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2019;9:e025043. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025043

Ataklte F, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, et al. Burden of undiagnosed hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2015;65:291-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04394

Adeloye D, Basquill C. Estimating the prevalence and awareness rates of hypertension in Africa: A systematic analysis. Glob Pub Health; 2014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104300 Accessed on: 6 July 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104300

Zungu LI, Djumbe FR. Knowledge and lifestyle practices of hypertensive patients attending a primary health care clinic in Botswana; 2013. Available from: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/8684 Accessed on: 5 July 2021.

Price AJ, Crampin A, Amberbir A, et al. Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, and cascade of care in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional, population-based study in rural and urban Malawi. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018;6:208-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30432-1

Wamai RG, Kengne AP, Levitt N. Non-communicable diseases surveillance:

overview of magnitude and determinants in Kenya from STEPwise approach survey of

BMC Public Health 2018;18:1224.

Singh AS, Masuku MB. Sampling techniques and determination of sample size in applied statistics research: an overview. Intern J Econ Com Managm 2014;2:11.

Statistics Botswana. Botswana in figures; 2016. Available from: https://www.statsbots.org.bw/ Accessed on: 6 July 2021.

Statistics Botswana. Botswana demographic survey report; 2017. Available from: https://www.statsbots.org.bw/botswana-demographic-survey-report-2017 Accessed on: 6 July 2021.

Seleke TL, Sharma KC, Machingura F. Community based systems on HIV treatment: strengthening community health systems for HIV treatment, support and care Old Naledi – Botswana. University of Botswana. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268300864_Strengthening_Community_Health_Systems_for_HIV_Treatment_ Accessed on: 10 Sept 2021.

Patient focus Africa. Available from: https://www.patientfocus.co.za/. Accessed on: 6 July 2021.

Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F et al. 2020 International society of hypertension global hypertension guidelines. Hypertension 2020;75:1334-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026

Tshitenge S, Mabuza LH. A survey of risk factors associated with hypertension in the adult population of Kang, Kgalagadi North, Botswana. SA Fam Pract 2015;57:177-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2014.976963

World Health Organization. WHO, 2021, Hypertension. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension Accessed on: 2 Sept 2021.

Manning K, Senekal M, Harbron J. Non-communicable disease risk factors and treatment preference of obese patients in Cape Town. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2016;8:e1-e12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.913

Son PT, Quang NN, Viet NL, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Vietnam: results from a national survey. J Hum Hypertens 2012;26:268-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2011.18

Cois A, Erhlick R. Analysing the socioeconomic determinants of hypertension in South Africa: a structural equation modelling approach. BMC Pub Health 2014;14:414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-414

Onwuchekwa AC, Mezie-Okoye MM, Babatunde S. Prevalence of hypertension in Kegbara-Dere, a rural community in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Ethn Dis 2012;22:340-6.

Guwatudde D, Nankya-Mutyoba J, Kalyesubula R., et al. The burden of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a four-country cross sectional study. BMH Public Health 2015;15:1211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2546-z

Hendriks ME, Wit FWNM, Roos & Brewster LM, et al. Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities. PLoS One 2012;7:e32638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032638

Abariga SA, Al Kibria GM, Albrecht JS. Impact of the 2017 American college of cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines on prevalence of hypertension in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020;102:1425-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0272

Hamoui O, Omar MI, Raal FJ, et al. Increases in statin eligibility to reduce cardiovascular risk according to the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines in the Africa Middle East region: a sub-analysis of the Africa Middle East Cardiovascular Epidemiological (ACE) study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019;19:61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1034-2

Letamo G, Keetile M, Navaneetham K, Phatsimo M. Prevalence, and correlates of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases in Botswana: a cross-sectional study. Int Health 2017;9:11-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihw052

Verloop WL, Vink EE, Spiering W et al. Effects of renal denervation on end organ

damage in hypertensive patients. Eur J Prev Cardio 2015;22:558-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487314556003

Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D et al. Resistant hypertension and target organ damage. Hypert Res 2013;36:485-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2013.30

Wei Q, Sun J, Huang J, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in Dehui City of Jilin Province in China Q. J Hum Hypertens 2015;29:64-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2014.32

Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of cardiology and the European society of hypertension. J Hypertens 2018;36:1953–2041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001940

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American college of cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension 2018;71:1269-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066

Downloads

Published

01-03-2023

How to Cite

Janse Van Rensburg, Z., Vincent-Lambert, C., Razlog, R., & Phaladze, N. (2023). Prevalence of hypertension in a sample of community members in a low-income peri-urban setting in Gaborone, Botswana. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2023.2068

Issue

Section

Original Articles